Meters - Let engineer watch levels
peak meters measure transient peaks of a wave
VU meters (volume units) measure constant/average level of a signal. (how humans preceive)
EQ Filters that work with timbreof a sound
shelving filters - reaches a level (+ or - db) and once that level is reached it stays constant
see fig. 1
On a console these types of filters are used for H & L frequencies
peaking filters resembles a bell shaped curve
see fig. 2
BandWidth also knnown as "Q" of the filter. High "Q" number means a narrower peak filter shich affects less frequencies on either side of the center frequencies A larger Q number means a broader filter with more frequencies affected
A high pass filter lets highs pass! (cutsoff lows)
A low pass filter lets lows pass! (cutsoff highs)
Roll off is measured in db/Octave
6db/octave 1st order filter
12db/octave 2nd order filter
18db/octave 3rd order filter
24db/octave 4th order filter
Band pass filter - user sets H & L freq for cutoffs
frequencies in between those cutoffs are passed.
see fig. 3
Compressor - an automatci fader that reduces the dynamic range of the program
controls Threshold
Ratio
Attack - how slowly/quickly compressor tunrs on
Release - how slowly/quickly compressor turns off
Input Gain
Output Gain
Limiter is a compressor with extreme rations 100:1
Clipper is a circuit level protection that sets a "hard" ceiling
Slope of the compressor can be linear (Hard Knee) or more exponential (soft knee)
Expansion - opposite of compression but audio makes use of downward expanders
with downward, expanders loud signals are not increased. Increases the gain of low level signals
Ratio is backwards 1 : 2
in : out
Headroom in a system is the operating space between 0db and distortion
Time based processing
Phase uses 2 signals and is a phenomenon that occurs when one signal is delayed
Phasing , Flanging , Chorus , 30ms temproal fusion
10ms 20ms 30ms
SFX SFX doubling
Delay signal and additional iterations
Reverb - set of dense closely spaced reflections which is a characteristic of the performance of music in a large space
Reverb has 3 aspects
1. direct sound 2. early reflection field 3. reverb
reverb is darker in timber than the direct sound and is marked by a gradual decrease in amplitude
RT 60 - the time that it takes from the direct sound to a 60db drop from the direct sound
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